Department of Physics


Department of Physics Apple - Gravity

Phone (701) 231-8974, fax (701) 231-7088


Seminar Abstract

March 12, 2003:

"Toy Model for Polaron Dynamics"

Professor William Schwalm
Department of Physics
University of North Dakota

Electrons are the simplest of fundamental particles having electric charge. Owing to their small size and mass, their behavior is described by quantum mechanics. In other words, one computes probability distributions rather than exact positions or velocities of individual electrons. When an itinerant electron moves through a crystalline material, its electric field may polarize the atoms. That is to say, it repels the near-by, atomic electrons (like charges) and attracts the ionic cores (opposite charges). Thus the extra electron distorts or polarizes the atoms in its vicinity. This distortion is similar to the way a trampoline would distort if a cannon ball were placed on it. Because of the distortion, the ball would not roll freely, but would have an enhanced effective inertia. The electron and the local distortion of the material together form a composite entity, or polaron with enhanced effective mass and other interesting properties. We are interested in radiation of sound quanta, or phonons from accelerated polarons. When a charged particle such as an electron is accelerated, electromagnetic waves can be radiated from it. The energy quanta of the electromagnetic waves are photons. Phonons are analogous quanta of vibrational or sound-wave excitation. Thus, since a polaron incorporates both charge and distortion of the material, it can radiate either photons or phonons. Using a discrete mathematical analog of vector calculus, we solve for the behavior of a polaron accelerated by an applied electric field. This results in animated movies of the motion of the polaron as a probability distribution. The animations show quite clearly how acoustical waves are radiated as bow shock and wake from the accelerated polaron. When an electric field of sufficient strength is applied, the polaron is destroyed by field ionization. That is, the electron is pulled away from the distortion pattern when the latter cannot respond quickly enough to follow the moving electron.