Seminar Abstract
March 12, 2003:
"Toy Model for Polaron Dynamics"
Professor William Schwalm
Department of Physics
University of North Dakota
Electrons are the simplest of fundamental particles having electric
charge. Owing to their small size and mass, their behavior is described
by quantum mechanics. In other words, one computes probability
distributions rather than exact positions or velocities of individual
electrons. When an itinerant electron moves through a crystalline
material, its electric field may polarize the atoms. That is to say, it
repels the near-by, atomic electrons (like charges) and attracts the
ionic cores (opposite charges). Thus the extra electron distorts or
polarizes the atoms in its vicinity. This distortion is similar to the
way a trampoline would distort if a cannon ball were placed on it.
Because of the distortion, the ball would not roll freely, but would
have an enhanced effective inertia. The electron and the local
distortion of the material together form a composite entity, or polaron
with enhanced effective mass and other interesting properties. We are
interested in radiation of sound quanta, or phonons from accelerated
polarons. When a charged particle such as an electron is accelerated,
electromagnetic waves can be radiated from it. The energy quanta of the
electromagnetic waves are photons. Phonons are analogous quanta of
vibrational or sound-wave excitation. Thus, since a polaron
incorporates both charge and distortion of the material, it can radiate
either photons or phonons. Using a discrete mathematical analog of
vector calculus, we solve for the behavior of a polaron accelerated by
an applied electric field. This results in animated movies of the
motion of the polaron as a probability distribution. The animations
show quite clearly how acoustical waves are radiated as bow shock and
wake from the accelerated polaron. When an electric field of sufficient
strength is applied, the polaron is destroyed by field ionization. That
is, the electron is pulled away from the distortion pattern when the
latter cannot respond quickly enough to follow the moving electron.
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