4. Reason why the presence of leaf on herbaceous cuttings is beneficial.

5. Describe, with illustration, procedures for propagating African violets by leaf cutting.

6. What is meant by single-eye nodal cuttings and double-eye nodal cuttings?

7. Know the directions of distal and proximal ends in the stem and root cuttings.

8. Name 5 plants that can be propagated by root cuttings.

9. Discuss how stock plants can be manipulated in order to enhance rooting of cuttings obtained from them.

10. Know proper conditions for rooting media.

11. List 3 plants that respond well to wounding during cutting propagation.

12. Illustrate the procedure for preparing a one-liter solution of 2,000 ppm IBA in 50% ethanol.

13. Advantages and disadvantages of using the powder and liquid forms of rooting hormone.

14. Know different methods of rooting hormone application for cutting: a) use of powder form, b) the quick-dip method, c) soaking, d) tooth-pick method.

15. Procedures for using surface disinfectants and fungicides during cutting propagation.

16. Why is bottom heat beneficial during cutting propagation?

17. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the mist systems and fogging system in cutting propagation.

18. List two algicides used in cutting propagation.

19. What do you know about fertilizer requirements during cutting propagation?

2. Discuss how grafting methods can be used to maintain certain clonal materials that can not be seed propagated.

3. What are the benefits of using root stocks?

4. What is meant by an interstock and why is it used?

5. Describe benefits and methods of using seedling plants in grafting.

6. What is topworking and why is it used?

7. How a topworking can be used to induce fruit set in pistillate plants of a dioecious species.

8. Show, with an example, how grafting can be used to shorten time from tree planting to flowering and fruiting.

9. Describe how approach grafts and bridge grafts are used to repair damaged trees.

10. Describe how a grafting method can be used to detect virus for symptomless carriers.

11. Explain the sequence of healing events taking place at the graft union following the joining of scion and stock.

2. Show how the use of interstock can overcome incompatibility between stock and scion.

3. Discus each of the five requirements that have to be met in successful grafting.

4. Describe, with illustration, the method of whip-and-tongue grafting.

5. Describe, with illustration, the method of splice grafting.

6. Describe, with illustration, the method of side grafting.

7. What is meant by side-veneer graft and where is it used?

8. Distinguish the difference between cleft graft and wedge graft with illustrations.

9. Show how a bark graft is made.

10. Describe the difference between approach graft and inarching.

11. Show problems that might be encountered by topworking of fruit trees.

2. Advantages and disadvantages of budding as compared to grafting.

3. When is the best time of year for budding?

4. Best time for budding can be in the fall, spring or summer. What determines the time of budding?

5. Contrast the T-budding vs. the inverted T-budding and explain why the inverted T-budding is practiced.

6. Explain the patch budding with an illustration.

7. Using a drawing, show the difference between flute budding and ring budding.

8. What is a chip budding? How does it differ from the T-budding?

9. What is meant by topbudding and when is it used?

10. What is meant by >double-working by budding= how is it accomplished?

11. What is meant by microbudding and micrografting and why are they practiced?

12. Describe differences between the grafting of woody plants and the herbaceous grafting.

13. Show and explain examples of the herbaceous grafting method used in horticulture.

3. Why is layering used instead of other means of propagation?

4. What are the disadvantages of practicing layering in plant propagation

5. Explain, with illustrations, six different types of layering used in horticulture: tip layering, simple layering, serpentine layering, air layering, mound layering, trench layering.

6. Give names of plants that can be propagated by each of the six different layering methods.

2. What is the difference between a tuber and a tuberous root.

3. Contrast the difference between rhizome and stolon.

4. What is a pseudo-bulb and what is its function?

5. Difference between the monopodial and sympodial growth habits of orchid with examples.

6. What is meant by a backbulb used in orchid propagation?

7. Know the general procedure for dividing sympodial orchids.

8. Explain the difference between tunicate bulb and nontunicate bulb with examples.

9. What is the difference between bulblets and bulbils?.

10. What is an offset and where is it found?

11. What are scales? Where are they found?

12. Briefly describe methods of propagating bulbs and corms by scooping, scoring, and sectioning.

2. Advantages and disadvantages of micropropagation?

3. Briefly discuss the use of micropropagation in virus elimination, plant rejuvenation, preservation of germplasm.

4. What is meant by somaclonal variation and why is it undesirable in plant propagation?

5. What is meant by organogenesis?

6. Contrast differentiation and dedifferentiation.

7. Briefly describe four different stages of micropropagation.

8. What is the cause of tissue browning frequently seen during woody plant micropropagation?

9. What is meant by acclimatization? How is it accomplished in micropropagation?

10. Suggest strategies for reducing the cost of micropropagation.

11. List four different applications of micropropagation.

12. Briefly outline steps involved in plant regeneration via organogenesis.