Family Epermeniidae: Epermeniids
| Diagnosis: Proboscis without scales; forewings with
raised black scale tufts along inner margin; hind tibiae with dorsal
stiff bristles.
Diversity: Worldwide 83 species; eight species in North America, one species is known from the Dakotas. Checklist numbers: 2325- 2333. Biology: Larvae are seed borers, leaf miners or external leaf feeders, many species concealed feeders in early instars and external feeders as they mature.
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| Further reading:
Dugdale, John S. et al. Chapter 13. The smaller microlepidoptera grade superfamilies, pp. 217- 232 in Kristensen, Neils P. ed. 1999. Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Part 35, Vol. 1 in Handbook of Zoology. Maximilian Fischer ed. Walter de Gryter, New York. 491 pp. Gaedike, Reinhard. 1977. Revision der nearktischen und neotropischen Epermeniidae (Lepidoptera). Beiträge zur Entomol. 27(2): 301-312. Scoble, Malcom J. 1992. The Lower Ditrysia, Chapter 11, pp. 225- 289 in The Lepidoptera: form, function, and diversity. Oxford Univ. press. 1982. 404 pp.
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