Exam 2 Review Questions
Veterinary Science 135
Anatomy & Physiology of Domestic Animals
North Dakota State University
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin
The skin is composed of a relatively thin layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the [1] ____________, on top of a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue, the [2] ____________. The [3] ____________ ____________ beneath the skin cushions it and attaches it to deeper structures.
Pigment cells in the skin called [4] ____________________ place granules of the pigment [5] ____________ into skin cells and hairs to give them color.
Hairs are produced in skin structures called [6] ____________. The portion of a hair below the skin surface is the [7] _________ of the hair and the visible portion is the [8] __________. The [9] __________ __________ muscle pulls the hair into an upright position producing an effect known as “raised hackles” or "goose bumps." In cross section the thin surface layer of a hair is the [10] ____________, the thickest layer where pigment, if present, is located is the [11] ____________, and the innermost layer that may be absent in very fine hairs is the [12] ____________.
Hairs in some animals are evenly distributed over their bodies. In others they are grouped into [13] _________ __________ made up of clusters of hair follicles. Multiple hairs emerge from single openings in the skin – usually a single large, stiff [14] __________ hair and multiple smaller, finer [15] __________ hairs.
Areas where hairs lie together smoothly are called hair [16] __________. [17] __________are where smooth areas converge, producing what looks like a “cowlick.”
The oil glands of the skin are the [18] ____________ glands. Their oily secretion is called [19] __________.
Hoof of the Horse
The front portion (tip) of a horse’s hoof is called the [20] __________, the sides are the [21] medial and lateral ____________, and the rear portion is the [22] __________.
The portion of a horse's hoof that is visible when the foot is on the ground is the [23] __________ __________. This portion of the hoof grows downward from the [24] __________ __________. The innermost layer of #23 attaches it to the surface of the distal phalanx by a system of interdigitating grooves that allow #23 to grow downward. The innermost layer of #23 is called the [25] __________ __________ and it interdigitates with the [26] __________ __________ on the surface of the distal phalanx.
On the ground surface of the hoof, the [27] _________ __________ is a pale colored area that is the junction between the wall and sole. The sole of the hoof (is/is not) [28] __________ normally in contact with firm ground. The [29] ____________ is the large wedge-shaped structure toward the rear of the ground surface of a horse's hoof. The forward-facing tip of this structure is called the [30] __________ and the broad area in the rear is called the [31] __________. On either side of this structure are grooves called the [32] __________ __________.
The [33] ____________ are small masses of horn located in the tufts of hair on the back of a horse's "fetlocks." The [34] ____________ are small masses of horn located on the medial surfaces of horse's legs near the carpus and tarsus.
Claw of the Dog or Cat
The portion of the claw of a dog or cat that is visible when their foot is on the ground is the [35] _________. On the underside of the claw between the layers of #35 is the [36] __________ which is composed of a softer material.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood
[37] ____________ The liquid portion of blood
Blood clots when the plasma protein [38] ____________ is converted to strands of [39] ____________ which form a meshwork that traps the blood cells. When the clot contracts, the fluid that is squeezed out is called [40] ____________.
[41] _____ _______ _______ are the most numerous blood cells. They carry O2 from the lungs to the cells and tissues.
The granulocyte white blood cells:
[42] ____________ (granules do not stain)
[43] ____________ (granules stain red)
[44] ____________ (granules stain blue)
The agranulocyte white blood cells:
[45] ____________ (small cells with a large nucleus)
[46] ____________ (large cells with a pleomorphic nucleus)
[47] ____________ Cell fragments important in hemostasis
The Blood Vascular System
The main divisions of the blood vascular system are the [48] ____________ circulation, which carries blood through the lungs, and the [49] ____________ circulation which carries blood through the rest of the body (everything but the lungs).
The 3 main types of blood vessels in the body are the [50] __________ that carry blood away from the heart, the branching networks of [51] __________ that are tiny tubes of endothelial cells found throughout the tissues and the {52] __________ that return blood to the heart.
The cardiac chambers that receive blood from the large veins are the right and left [53] __________ and the cardiac chambers that pump blood out through the large arteries are the right and left [54] __________.
The heart functions as two side-by-side pumps, the left heart and the right heart. The [55] __________ heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body, and the [56] __________ heart receives carbon dioxide-rich blood from the systemic circulation and pumps it to the lungs for re-oxygenation.
In what order would a blood cell pass through the following cardiovascular chambers, vessels, and structures beginning at the aorta?
[57] _1_ Aorta
[58] ___ Aortic valve
[59] ___ Left atrium
[60] ___ Left ventricle
[61] ___ Mitral valve
[62] ___ Pulmonary artery
[63] ___ Pulmonary capillaries
[64] ___ Pulmonary valve
[65] ___ Pulmonary vein
[66] ___ Right atrium
[67] ___ Right ventricle
[68] ___ Systemic arteries
[69] ___ Systemic capillaries
[70] ___ Systemic veins
[71] ___ Tricuspid valve
[72] ___ Vena cava
The contracting phase of a cardiac chamber is termed [73] ____________ and the relaxing, filling phase is termed [74] ____________.
The first heart sound, which occurs at the beginning of ventricular [75] ____________, is produced by the closure of the [76] __________ & __________ valves. The second heart sound, which occurs at the beginning of ventricular [77] ____________, is produced by closure of the [78] _________ & __________ valves.
Which heart valve keeps blood from flowing back into the right atrium during contraction of the right ventricle? [79] ____________
Which heart valve opens to allow the left ventricle to fill? [80] ____________
Which valve closes at the end of the left ventricle’s contraction to keep blood from flowing back into it while it fills again? [81] __________
Which valve opens to allow blood to flow out of the right ventricle when it contracts? [82] __________
The blood supply to the cells and tissues of the heart is called the [83] __________ blood supply.
In what order does the impulse that produces each heart beat pass through the following structures?
[84] ___ Atrial walls
[85] ___ Atrioventricular (AV) bundles
[86] ___ Atrioventricular (AV) node
[87] ___ Purkinje fibers
[88] ___ Sinoatrial (SA) node
[89] ___ Ventricular walls
The autonomic nervous system does not initiate cardiac contractions but it modifies them. The general effect of parasympathetic stimulation is to [90] __________cardiac activity and the general effect of sympathetic stimulation is to [91] __________ cardiac activity.
Fetal Circulation
The blood vessels that carry carbon dioxide rich, waste filled blood from the fetus to the placenta is the umbilical [92] ____________. After circulating through the placenta, the freshly oxygenated, nutrient filled blood returns to the fetus by the umbilical [93] ____________.
The 2 "cardiac bypasses" in a fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the relatively nonfunctional lungs are the [94] _________ _________ which is a hole in the interatrial septum, and the [95] __________ ___________ which connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
The Lymphatic Vascular System
[96] _______________ The fluid in the lymphatic vascular system that is derived from excess tissue fluid.
[97] _______ ________ Collections of lymphatic tissue along the path of lymph vessels that serve to "filter" the lymph.
Lymph vessels (do/do not) contain valves [98] __________
[99] _______________ Lymphatic organ in the neck and thoracic regions of young animals that shrinks up and disappears as the animal ages.
[100] _______________ Large organ in the abdomen near the stomach that has both lymphatic and blood storage functions.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply [101] ____________ which is needed by the body cells and remove [102] ________ ________ which is a waste product produced by the cells.
Secondary respiratory system functions include [103] ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.
[104] ____________ respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells & tissues. [105] ____________ respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs.
Upper Respiratory Tract
The nasal passages "condition" inhaled air by several mechanisms. The nasal epithelium covers the surface of the thin, scroll-like [106] ____________ (bones) in the nasal passages. Because of this, inhaled air must make many twists and turns as it passes through the area. Particles of foreign material (dust, pollen, etc.) become trapped in the [107] ____________ that covers the nasal epithelium. The [108] ____________ that project up from the surfaces of the nasal epithelial cells then "sweep" the material out of the nasal passages. The [109] __________ __________ beneath the nasal epithelium warms the inhaled air and the moist epithelial surface adds [110] _______________ to it.
The [111] ____________ are air-filled spaces in some skull bones that are “out-pouches” of the nasal passages.
The [112] ____________ is commonly referred to as the “throat.” It is a passageway that is shared by the [113] _______________ and _______________ systems.
The [114] ____________ is commonly called the “voice box.” The opening into this short tube of cartilage and muscle is the [115] ____________. The flap of elastic cartilage that covers #14 during swallowing is the [116] _______________.
The [117] ____________ is commonly called the windpipe. It is a short tube that carries air from the 118] ____________ to the [119] ____________. It is held open by "C" shaped rings of [120] ____________ cartilage. It is lined by [121] ____________ _____________ epithelium and divides at the [122] ____________ into left and right [123] ____________ which enter the lungs.
Lower Respiratory Tract
Each lung is described as though it was shaped like a cone. Its [124] ____________ projects in a cranial direction and its [125] ____________ lies against the diaphragm.
The smallest air passageways terminate in the tiny sac-like [126] ____________ which is where the actual exchange of gases occurs.
In order for the lungs to expand and contract with the thoracic cavity, there has to be (negative/positive) [127] ____________ pressure in the thorax.
[128] _______________ is accomplished by enlargement of the thorax which causes outside air to rush into the lungs. [129] _______________ is accomplished by reducing the size of the thorax which expels air from the lungs.
The actual exchange of gases in the lungs takes place by [130] ____________ of gases from areas of [131] ________ concentration to areas of [132] ________ concentration. The air inhaled into the alveoli contains high concentrations of [133] _____ and low concentrations of [134] _____. The blood in the alveolar capillaries contains high concentrations of [135] _____ and low concentrations of [136] _____. [137] _____ therefore moves from the alveolar air into the blood of the alveolar capillaries, and [138] _____ moves from the blood into the alveolar air.
Routine, resting respiration is under [139] _______________ control through stretch receptors in the lungs. Adjustments in respiratory rate and depth are made as a result of changes in blood parameters monitored by [140] _______________ receptors located in blood vessels and the brain stem.