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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
Veterinary Science 135

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory (vascular) system is primarily a transport system. Among its cargo are:

Nutrients

Gases

Wastes

Hormones

These substances are carried in the blood, which is pumped through a closed system of blood vessels by the heart.

I. General terminology

II. Blood Vascular System

A. General plan of blood vascular system

1. Heart

2. Arteries

3. Capillaries

4. Veins

B. Main divisions of blood vascular system

1. Systemic circulation

2. Pulmonary circulation

C. General structure of blood vessels

1. Tunica intima

2. Tunica media

3. Tunica adventitia

D. Arteries

1. Elastic arteries

2. Muscular arteries

3. Arterioles

E. Capillaries

F. Veins

1. Venules

2. Medium veins

a. Valves

i. Structure

ii. Function

3. Large veins

G. The Heart

1. Layers of wall

a. Endocardium

b. Myocardium

c. Pericardium

2. General anatomy

a. Shape

b. Location

c. Position

d. Chambers

i. Atria

ii. Ventricles

3. "Right heart"

a. Right atrium

b. Tricuspid valve

i. Cusps

ii. Chordae tendineae

c. Right ventricle

d. Pulmonary valve

4. "Left heart"

a. Left atrium

b. Mitral valve

c. Left ventricle

d. Aortic valve

5. Coronary blood supply

a. Coronary arteries

b. Coronary capillaries

c. Cardiac veins/coronary sinus

6. Cardiac cycle

a. Main phases

i. Systole

ii. Diastole

b. Atrial diastole

c. Atrial systole

d. Ventricular diastole

e. Ventricular systole

f. Closure of AV valves

g. Blood ejected into aorta and pulmonary artery

h. As ventricles empty -- drop in pressure causes pulmonary & aortic valves to close.

i. Cycle repeats

7. Basic control of heart beat

a. Sinoatrial (SA) node

i. Location

ii. Function

b. Atrioventricular (AV) node

c. Atrioventricular (AV) bundles

d. Purkinje fibers

e. Effect of autonomic nervous system

i. Parasympathetic stimulation

ii. Sympathetic stimulation

H. Fetal circulation

1. Placenta

2. Umbilical vein

3. Heart

a. Foramen ovale

b. Ductus arteriosus

4. Umbilical arteries

III. Lymphatic Vascular System

A. Lymph

B. Production of lymph

1. Porosity of capillaries

2. Blood pressure effects

3. Osmotic pressure effects

C. Lymph vessels

D. Lymph nodes

E. Spleen

1. Location

2. Functions

a. Lymphatic

b. Hematologic

E. Thymus

F. Tonsils

G. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)

IV. Blood

A. Fluid portion -- Plasma

1. Functions

2. Characteristics

3. Clotting

a. Fibrinogen

b. Fibrin

c. Serum

d. Anticoagulants

B. Cellular portion

1. Red Blood Cells

a. Source

b. Characteristics

c. Functions

2. White Blood Cells

a. Granulocytes

i. Source

ii. Characteristics

iii. Neutrophils

(a). Granules

(b). Nucleus

(c). Functions

iv. Eosinophils

(a). Granules

(b). Nucleus

(c). Functions

v. Basophils

(a). Granules

(b). Nucleus

(c). Functions

b. Agranulocytes

i. Characteristics

ii. Lymphocytes

(a). Source

(b). Nucleus

(c). Functions

iii. Monocytes

(a). Source

(b). Nucleus

(c). Functions

3. Platelets

a. Characteristics

b. Functions

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