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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
Veterinary Science 135

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Structurally, the digestive system consists of a tube running from the mouth to the anus + accessory digestive organs. The food passing through this tube is broken down into smaller and simpler compounds, which are absorbed into the bloodstream for utilization by body cells.

I. General terminology

II. Main Functions

A. Prehension & Mastication

B. Digestion

C. Absorption

D. Excretion

III. Effect of diet on the form of the digestive system

A. Herbivores

B. Carnivores

C. Omnivores

IV. Structure of the digestive tube

A. Layers of tube wall

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscle layers

4. Serosa

B. Epithelial lining

1. Stratified squamous epithelium

2. Simple columnar epithelium

C. Muscle

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Smooth muscle

V. Parts of the digestive system

A. Lips

B. Mouth

C. Teeth

1. Parts of tooth

a. Crown

b. Root

c. Neck

d. Dentin

e. Pulp cavity

2. Sets of teeth

a. Deciduous teeth

b. Permanent teeth

3. Types of teeth

a. Incisor teeth

b. Canine teeth

c. Premolar teeth

d. Molar teeth

D. Gingiva

E. Palate

1. Hard palate

2. Soft palate

F. Tongue

G. Salivary glands

1. Saliva

2. Functions

H. Pharynx

1. Structure

2. Functions

I. Esophagus

1. Structure

2. Function

3. Cardia

J. Stomach

1. Monogastric

a. Structure

        i. Cardiac sphincter

        ii. Pyloric sphincter

b. Functions

c. Glands

d. Chyme

2. Ruminant

a. Reticulum

i. Size

ii. Position

iii. Characteristics

iv. Functions

v. "Hardware disease"

b. Rumen

i. Size

ii. Position

iii. Characteristics

iv. Functions

c. Omasum

i. Size

ii. Position

iii. Characteristics

iv. Functions

d. Abomasum

i. Size

ii. Position

iii. Characteristics

iv. Functions

e. Rumination

i. Regurgitation

ii. Remastication

iii. Purpose

f. Eructation

i. Purpose

g. Newborn ruminants

i. Stomach function

ii. Esophageal groove

K. Small Intestine

1. Functions

a. Digestion

b. Absorption

i. Villi

ii. Blood supply

2. Divisions

a. Duodenum

b. Jejunum

c. Ileum

L. Large Intestine

1. Functions

2. Normal microbial "flora"

3. Divisions

a. Cecum

i. Carnivores

ii. Herbivores/omnivores

b. Colon

c. Rectum

M. Anus

1. Defecation

a. Stimulus

b. Anal sphincter muscles

N. Pancreas

1. Location

2. Functions

a. Endocrine secretion

b. Exocrine secretion

i. NaHCO3

ii. Digestive enzymes

O. Liver

1. Largest gland in the body

2. Main functions

a. Metabolism

b. Synthesis

c. Bile secretion

d. Detoxification

e. Storage

f. RBC formation (fetal) & destruction of worn out RBC'S

3. Portal vein

4. Gall bladder

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