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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
Veterinary Science 135

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

I. General features

A. Main function is maintaining the species of animal

B. Influences other organ systems, but is not essential to the life of an animal.

C. Full function requires 2 animals

1. Union of reproductive cells from male and female reproductive systems results in formation of a third animal of the same species

2. Male reproductive system develops male reproductive cells and transmits them to the female

3. In the female reproductive system, female reproductive cells are developed, union of the male and female reproductive cells takes place, and the offspring(s) develop(s)

II. Meiosis

A. Chromosomes

1. Diploid chromosome number

2. Sex chromosomes

3. Haploid chromosome number

4. Meiosis vs Mitosis

B. Spermatogenesis

C. Oogenesis

III. Male reproductive system

A. Testes

1. Characteristics

2. Functions

3. Spermatozoa

a. Head

b. Midpiece

c. Tail

4. Development & Location

a. Development

b. Adult

c. Cryptorchid

5. Scrotum

a. Structure

b. Function

6. Spermatic cord

7. Testes structure

a. Tunics

i. Visceral vaginal tunic

ii. Parietal vaginal tunic

b. Capsule

c. Seminiferous tubules

d. Duct system

i. Efferent ducts

ii. Epididymis

(a). Location

(b). Structure

(1). Head

(2). Body

(3). Tail

(c). Functions

B. Vas deferens

1. Structure

2. Function

C. Accessory reproductive glands

1. Seminal vesicles

2. Prostate gland

3. Bulbourethral glands

D. Urethra

1. Pelvic portion

2. Penile portion

E. Penis

1. Roots

2. Body

a. erectile tissue

i. Corpus cavernosum urethrae

ii. Corpus cavernosum penis

3. Glans

4. Prepuce

5. Penis of the dog

6. Sigmoid flexure

7. Reproductive functions

a. Erection

i. Characteristics

ii. Mechanisms

(a). Increased blood supply

(b). Decreased venous drainage

b. Ejaculation

i. Stages

(a). Movement of spermatozoa and seminal fluids into urethra

(b). Expulsion of semen from urethra

IV. Female reproductive system

A. Ovaries

1. Characteristics

2. Functions

3. Ovarian cycle

a. Development of follicles

i. Primordial follicle

(a). Structure

ii. Follicle activation

(a). Granulosa cells

iii. Formation of antrum

iv. Mature follicle

b. Ovulation

i. Spontaneous

ii. Induced

c. Corpus hemorrhagicum

d. Corpus luteum

i. Formation

ii. Function

e. Follicular atresia

B. Oviducts

1. Structure

a. Infundibulum

b. Fimbriae

2. Functions

C. Uterus

1. Horns

2. Body

3. Layers of wall

a. Endometrium

b. Myometrium

c. Perimetrium

D. Cervix

1. Structure

2. Function

E. Vagina

1. Structure

2. Function

F. Vulva

1. Vestibule

a. Urethral opening

2. Clitoris

a. Homologous to penis

b. Structure

3. Labia

G. The estrous cycle

1. Heat period

2. Estrous cycle

a. Intervals

i. Polyestrous

ii. Seasonally polyestrous

iii. Diestrous

iv. Monoestrous

b. Stages of estrous cycle

i. Proestrus

ii. Estrus

iii. Metestrus

iv. Diestrus

v. (Anestrus)

V. Fertilization and pregnancy

A. Copulation

1. Site of semen deposition

B. Transport of spermatozoa to oviducts

C. Capacitation

D. Fertilization of ovum

1. Importance of sperm motility

2. Pronuclei

E. Zygote

F. Cleavage

1. Morula

2. Blastocyst

G. Implantation

H. Placenta

1. Importance

2. Function

3. Structure

a. Layers & fluid-filled sacs

i. Amnion/Amniotic sac

ii. Allantois/Allantoic sac

iii. Chorion

b. Umbilical cord

i. Umbilical arteries

ii. Umbilical vein

iii. Urachus

c. Attachment to uterus

i. Diffuse

ii. Discoid

iii. Zonary

iv. Cotyledonary

(a). Placentomes

(1). Cotyledons

(2). Caruncles

I. Pregnancy

1. 1st trimester

2. 2nd trimester

3. 3rd trimester

J. Parturition

1. Triggers

2. Stages

a. 1st stage

i. Events

ii. Observable characteristics

b. 2nd stage

i. Events

ii. Observable characteristics

c. 3rd stage

i. Events

ii. Observable characteristics

K. Involution of the uterus

VI. Mammary glands & lactation

A. Characteristics

B. Species differences

C. Udder of the cow

1. 4 mammary glands -- quarters

2. Suspensory ligaments

3. Alveoli

4. Duct system

a. Gland sinus

b. Teat sinus

c. Streak canal

D. Mammary gland development

E. Lactation

1. Characteristics

a. Begins toward end of pregnancy

b. Several hormones involved

2. Colostrum

a. Characteristics

b. Importance

3. Maintenance of lactation

a. Stimulus

b. Pathways

4. Milk letdown

a. Mechanisms

i. Myoepithelial cells

b. Stimulus

c. Pathways

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