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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
Veterinary Science 135

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Skeleton = The framework of hard structures which supports and protects the soft tissues of the body.

I. General terminology

II. Common bone features

A. Articular surface

1. Condyle

2. Head

3. Facet

B. Processes

1. Tuber, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter

C. Holes or depressed areas

1. Foramen

2. Fossa

III. Divisions of the Skeleton

A. Axial skeleton

1. Skull

a. External bones (landmarks)

i. Bones of the cranium

(a). Occipital bone

(1). Foramen magnum

(b). Parietal bones

(c). Interparietal bones

(d). Frontal bones

(e). Temporal bone

(1). External acoustic meatus

ii. Bones of the face

(a). Incisive bones

(b). Nasal bones

(c). Maxillary bones

(d). Lacrimal bones

(e). Zygomatic bones

(f). Mandible

b. Internal bones (hidden)

i. Bones of the cranium

(a). Sphenoid bone

(b). Ethmoid bone

ii. Bones of the face

(a). Vomer bone

(b). Turbinates

(c). Palatine bones

(d). Pterygoid bones

iii. Bones of the ear

2. Hyoid Bone

3. Spinal column

a. Vertebra

i. Body

(a). Intervertebral disks

ii. Arch

iii. Processes

(a). Spinous process

(b). Transverse process

(c). Articular processes

b. Divisions

i. Cervical vertebrae

(a). Atlas

(b). Axis

ii. Thoracic vertebrae

iii. Lumbar vertebrae

iv. Sacral vertebrae

v. Coccygeal vertebrae

4. Ribs

a. Bony portion

i. Head

ii. Body

b. Cartilagenous portion

c. Costochondral junction

d. Sternal ribs

e. Asternal ribs

f. Floating ribs

5. Sternum

a. Manubrium sterni

b. Body

c. Xiphoid process

B. Appendicular skeleton

1. Thoracic limb

a. Scapula

i. Spine

ii. Neck

iii. Glenoid cavity

b. Humerus

i. Head

ii. Greater tubercle

iii. Shaft

iv. Condyle

v. Epicondyles

c. Radius

i. Head

ii. Shaft

d. Ulna

i. Olecranon

ii. Trochlear notch

iii. Anconeal process

iv. Shaft

e. Carpus

f. Metacarpals

i. "Splint bones" (horse)

g. Phalanges

i. Proximal phalanx

ii. Middle phalanx

iii. Distal phalanx

iv. Proximal sesamoid bones

v. Distal sesamoid bone

2. Pelvic limb

a. Pelvis

i. Ilium

ii. Ischium

iii. Pubis

iv. Obturator foramen

v. Acetabulum

b. Femur

i. Head

ii. Neck

iii. Greater trochanter

iv. Shaft

v. Trochlear groove

vi. Condyles

vii. Epicondyles

c. Patella

d. Tibia

i. Tibial condyles

ii. Tibial crest

iii. Shaft

e. Fibula

i. Shaft

f. Tarsus

i. Fibular tarsal bone

(a). Calcaneal tuberosity

g. Metatarsals

i. "Splint bones" (horse)

h. Phalanges

i. Proximal phalanx

ii. Middle phalanx

iii. Distal phalanx

iv. Proximal sesamoid bones

v. Distal sesamoid bone

C. Visceral skeleton

1. Os penis

2. Os cordis

3. Os rostri

IV. Joints

A. Types of joints

1. Fibrous joints

2. Cartilagenous joints

3. Synovial joints

B. Characteristics of synovial joints

1. Articular surfaces

2. Articular cartilage

3. Joint capsule

(4. Ligaments)

C. Synovial joint movements

1. Flexion

2. Extension

3. Adduction

4. Abduction

5. Rotation

6. Circumduction

D. Types of synovial joints

1. Hinge joints

2. Gliding joints

3. Pivot joints

4. Ball & socket joints

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