Shannon David

Program Director & Associate Dean of Faculty Affairs

Faculty

Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences College of Health and Human Sciences

Shannon David

Credentials

PhD, ATC, LAT

Areas of Study & Research

Patient-Clinician Relationship, Research Methods and Design, Professional Issues

Courses Taught

HNES 388: Concepts of Athletic Training
HNES 710: Literature and Research
HNES 770: Athletic Training Evidence Based Practice & Research
HNES 772: Prevention and Health Promotion in Athletic Training
HNES 775: Therapeutic Modalities
HNES 776: Non-Orthopedic Assessment
HNES 780: Athletic Training Techniques

Awards & Honors

  • 2025 College of Health and Human Sciences Mentoring and Advising Award
  • 2025 MidAmerica Athletic Trainers Association Athletic Training Educator of the Year
  • 2022 NDSU Office of Teaching and Learning Teaching & Innovation Award
  • 2020 College of Human Sciences and Education James Lebedeff Endowed Professorship Award
  • 2018 HDE Exceptional Contributions to Learning Award
  • 2017 HDE College Collaboration Award
  • 2017 HDE Emerging Researcher Award

Professional Associations

National Athletic Trainers’ Associations (NATA)
Mid-American Athletic Trainers’ Association (MAATA)
North Dakota Athletic Trainers Association (NDATA) - President

Education

  • 2013, Ph.D. Educational Research and Evaluation - Ohio University, Athens, OH
  • 2010, M.S. Athletic Training - Ohio University, Athens, OH
  • 2008, B.S. Athletic Training - Heidelberg College, Tiffin, OH

Publications

Thrasher AB & David SL. (in press). Early Professional Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Difficult Conversations in Athletic Training. Journal of Athletic Training Education.

Thrasher AB & David SL. (in press). Navigating Difficult Conversations during Transition to Practice. Journal of Athletic Training Education.

Thrasher AB; David SL, Kunkel L. (2025). Professional Socialization and Development Needs of Coordinators of Clinical Education Athletic Training Education Journal. Journal of Athletic Training Education. 21(2). 94-104: 10.4085/1947-380X-25-012.

Larson, M., & David, S., (2025). Comparing Online Synchronous and In-Person Motivational Interviewing Instruction: Learning Outcomes, Preferences, and Satisfaction Among Public Health Professionals. J Pub Health Issue Pract, 9(2): 247. https://doi.org/10.33790/jphip1100247.

David SL, Saarinen H, Hohman A, German N. (2024). Implementation of Interprofessional Education Scenario with Athletic Training Students and Nurse Practitioners. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2024.104944

David SL, Konin JG, Farris J. Cannabis Content in Athletic Training and Physical Therapy Curriculums in the United States. (2023). The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. Jan 04;21(1), Article 17.

Smith J., DePhillipo N, David SL, Nicolay K, Wentz S, Steckler A, Westberg M. (2022). 3D-Printed Short Arm Casts: A pilot case study of reliability, validity, and feasibility compared to conventional waterproof fiberglass casts. Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine, 6(4): 175-185. https://doi.org/10.2217/3dp-2022-0015

David SL, Thrasher A, & Kunkel L. The Socialization and Development of the Coordinator of Clinical Education in Athletic Training. (2022). Athletic Training Education Journal, 17(4): 349-362.

David, SL, Farnsworth JL, Theige M. (2022). Content Validity of the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire in a college-age patient population. JSES International. 6(3), 512-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseint.2022.01.014

Robinson, N. David SL., German N., Swenson J. (2021). The Clinical Relevance of the Accessory Peroneus Quartus in a Male Division I Collegiate Track Athlete. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 27(1): 17-19. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0065

Vanderwal, D., Potter, B. David SL. (2021). Internal bracing augmentation of the ulnar collateral ligament on a level 10 competitive gymnast: A case study. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 26(5):251-256. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0069

Larson, M. David SL. (2021). Analysis of empathy in certified athletic trainers using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. Journal of Allied Health, 50(2):146-151.

Johnson NR, Kotarsky CJ, Hackney KJ, Trautman KA, Dicks ND, Byun W, Keith JF, David SL, Stastny SN. (2021). Measures Derived from Panoramic Ultrasonography and Animal-Based Protein Intake Are Related to Muscular Performance in Middle-Aged Adults. J Clin Med;10(5):988. Published 2021 Mar 2. doi:10.3390/jcm10050988

Conant BJ, German N, David SL. (2019). The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Conservative Treatment of Partial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears in Overhead Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 1-6. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0174

David, SL, McCuskey K, Larson, M, & Hill B. (2019). The Relationship between athletic trainer personality and patient trust. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care. 11(3): 105-112. https://doi.org/10.3928_19425864-20181128-01

Strand, B, Lyman, KL, David, SL, Landin K, Albrecht J, & Deutsch J. (2018). Coaches’ Knowledge of Emergency Care. International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance. 76(8), 14-15.

Conant BJ, & David SL. (2018). The effect of platelet-rich plasma on complete tears of the medial collateral ligament: A critically appraised topic. Biomedical Science Instrument. 54(1), 331-339.

David, SL, & Hitchcock, J. (2018). Understanding Patient Trust in the Athletic Setting Through Interviews. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 16(2), Article 4.

Macaronas, E., David, SL, & German, N. (2018). A Case of Morel Lavallée Lesion of the Lower Leg: A Case Report. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 23(2), 66-68. DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2017-0034

Hitchcock, J., Onwuegbuzie, AJ., David, SL., Ruddy, A. (2018). Causal Inference and Assessing Learning Outcomes: A Primer for International Evaluators. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 10(1).

Theige, M., & David, SL., (2017). Nonsurgical Treatment of Acetabular Labral Tears. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2, 1-14. DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2016-0109.

Strand B, David SL, Lyman K, & Albrecht JM. (2017). Coaching in the United States: High School Coaches’ Knowledge and Confidence Regarding Athlete Safety and Injury Management. International Sport Coaching Journal, 4, 220-234.

Brown CD, Potteiger K, Keeley K, Lundgren A, David SL. (2017). Entry Requirements for Undergraduate Athletic Training Programs. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice.15(1).

Linker, JM. & David, SL. (2017). Prevention, recognition, and treatment of common recess injuries. Strategies. 30(4), 17-27.

David, SL., & Larson, M. (2016). Athlete’s Perception of Athletic Trainer Empathy: How Important Is It? Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 19, 1-25. DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2016-0085

Krueger, H., & David, SL. (2016). The Effectiveness of Open Repair Versus Percutaneous Repair for an Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Critically Appraised Topic. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 25(4), 404-410. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2015-0024

David, SL., Gray, KA., Russell, J., & Starkey, C. (2016). The Ottawa Ankle Rules Over-Predict the Need for Radiographs when Applied in the Acute Setting. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation, 25, 48-51. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0253

David, SL., Hitchcock, J., Ragan, BG., Brooks, G., & Starkey, C. (2016). Mixing Interviews and Rasch Modeling: Demonstrating a Procedure used to develop an Instrument to Measure Trust. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 12(1), 75-94. DOI: 10.1177/1558689815624586

Brown, C., David, SL., & Monaco, M. (2016). American Athletic Training Students' Perceptions of Electronic Textbooks and Computer use in the Classroom. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 14(1), Article 10.

Markland, A D., Burgio, KL., Beasley, TM., David, SL., Redden, DT., & Goode, PS., (2015). Psychometric Evaluation of an Online and Paper Accidental Bowel Leakage Questionnaire: The ICIQ-B Questionnaire. Neurourology and Urodynamics. PMID:26473313. DOI: 10.1002/nau.22905

Fashl, H., & David, SL. (2015). A Rare Case of Lemierre’s Syndrome in a Male Division I Collegiate Football Player. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 20(5), 11-15. DOI: org/10.1123/ijatt.2014-0057

Farnsworth, J., McElhiney, D., David, SL., Sinha, G., &. Ragan, BG. (2014). Objective functional assessment following a head injury using movement and activity in physical Space (MAPS) scores. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(3), 568-575. DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.07

Presentations

Presentations with Published Abstracts

Kunkel, L., Pagnotta K, Wilkins N, David SL. (2025). Beyond the Classroom: Socializing Sports Medicine Faculty into Administrative Roles. Presented World Federation of Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin, Ireland.

Wooldridge, J., David SL, Drescher, M. (2025). Educating the Educators: Empowering Clinical Instructors to Incorporate Andragogical Methods into Clinical Education for Athletic Training and Therapy Students. Presented World Federation of Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin, Ireland.

David SL, Thrasher, A. (2025) Early Professional Athletic Trainers’ Perceptions of Navigating Difficult Conversations during Transition to Practice. Presented National Athletic Trainers Association Symposium. Orlando, FL.

David SL, Thrasher, A, Kunkel L. (2025) Professional Development Needs to Better Socialize Coordinators of Clinical Education to Their Role. Presented National Athletic Trainers Association Symposium. Orlando, FL.

Pagnotta K, Wilkins N, Thrasher, A, David, SL, Kunkel L. (2025) Professional Socialization and Development of Athletic Training Professional Program Directors. Presentation at Association for Athletic Training Education (AATE) Symposium, Louisville, KY.

Pagnotta K, Wilkins N, Thrasher, A, David, SL, Kunkel L. (2025) Professional Socialization and Development of Athletic Training Professional Program Directors. Presentation at Mid America Athletic Trainers Association Symposium, Omaha, NE.

Wooldridge, J., David SL, Drescher, M. (2025). Harnessing Generative AI in Athletic Training to Enhance Quality Improvement, Health Informatics, and Communication. MAATA Presented Mid America Athletic Trainers Association Symposium. Omaha, NE.

David SL, Thrasher, A, Kunkel L. (2025) Professional Development Needs to Better Socialize Coordinators of Clinical Education to Their Role. Presented Mid America Athletic Trainers Association Symposium. Omaha, NE.

Thrasher AB, David SL. (2025). Early professional athletic trainers' perceptions of navigating difficult conversations during transition to practice. Presented at Mid-Atlantic Athletic Trainers’ Association Annual Meeting and Symposium. Virginia Beach, VA. May 3, 2025.

David SL, Farnsworth JL. (2024). Patient Perceptions of Upper Extremity Daily Activity. Presented at Big Sky Sports Medicine Conference. Big Sky. MT.

Wentz S, David, SL. (2024) The Anatomage Table as an Instructional Aid to Learning Anatomy. Presented at Mid America Athletic Trainers Association Annual Conference. Omaha Nebraska.

Smith J., DePhillipo N, David SL, Nicolay K, Wentz S, Steckler A, Westberg M. (2022). 3D-Printed Short Arm Casts: A pilot case study of reliability, validity, and feasibility compared to conventional waterproof fiberglass casts. Presented at International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. Boston MA.

Swartz S, Larson M, Crawford E, Rubinstein E, David SL, Rayel H, Hicks A. (2023). Using a Multi-Faceted Approach to Increase Vaccine Confidence on a University Campus. Presented at American College Health Association Annual Meeting, Boston MA.

David, SL, Konin, JG. (April 2022). Professional Athletic Training Students Knowledge and Perceptions of Cannabis in the United States. Presentation at World Federation of Athletic Training and Therapy World Congress XI. Winnipeg Canada.

David, SL, Konin, JG. (April 2022). Professional Athletic Training Students Knowledge and Perceptions of Cannabis in the United States. Presentation at Mid America Athletic Trainers’ Association. Omaha, NE.

David SL, Farris J, Kerr ZY, Rosenthal M, Singe S, Konin JG. (April, 2021). The presence of cannabis-related content in healthcare curriculums in the USA. Presented virtually at the Sports, Medicine and Health Summit, hosted by the 49th Congress of the German Society for Sports Medicine and Prevention.

David SL, Thrasher A., Kunkel L. (2021) The Socialization and Development of Coordinator of Clinical Education in Athletic Training Presented at Virtual Athletic Trainers Educators’ Conference.

David SL, Farris J, Kerr ZY, Rosenthal M, Singe S, Konin JG. (2021). The presence of cannabis-related content in healthcare curriculums in the USA. Presented virtually at the Sports, Medicine and Health Summit, hosted by the 49th Congress of the German Society for Sports Medicine and Prevention. Hamburg, Germany.

David SL. (2020). How to develop assessment tools. Presented at Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education Conference; Virtual Event.

David, S. L., Brown, C., & Keeley, K. (March 2019). Validity and Reliability of Devices and Apps to Assess Outdoor Humidity. Presentation at Mid America Athletic Trainers’ Association. Tulsa, OK.

Conant B.J., David S.L. (2018). The effect of platelet-rich plasma on complete tears of the medial collateral ligament. Poster presented at: 2018 Rocky Mountain Bioengineering Symposium; Fargo, ND.

Macaronas E., David S. L., German N. (June, 2017). A Case of Morel Lavallée Lesion of the Lower Leg: A Case Report. Presented at National Athletic Trainers Association Conference, Huston, Texas.

Theige, M., David, S. L., & German, N. (2017). Nonsurgical Treatment of Acetabular Labral Tears Presented at Northland American College of Sport Medicine conference, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Kotarsky C., Stone K., Streeter D., Keith J., Stastny S., David S.L., Mitchell S, & Hackney K.J. (2017). Influence of protein intake at three different time periods on leg muscle strength and area. Presented at Northland American College of Sport Medicine conference, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Stone K., Kotarsky C.J., Streeter D.M., Dicks N.D., David S.L., Mitchell S., & Hackney K.J. (2017). Muscular Health with Aging: Differences in Quadriceps Size, Strength, and Quality between Sedentary and Active Adults. Presented at Northland American College of Sport Medicine conference, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Schmidt B., & David S. L. (2017) Psychometric Evaluation of the MPQM and MPIIQM: A Pilot Study. Presented at Performing Arts Medicine Association national conference, Snowmass, Colorado.

David S. L., Hitchcock, J. & Onwuegbuzie, T. (2017, April). Developing Measures of Abstract Constructs Using a Mixed Methods Approach: Introducing an Analytic Framework. Paper Presented at American Education Research Association national conference, San Antonio, Texas.

Chinburg, J., Tsuruike, M., & David, S. L. (2016, July). The perception of trust between athletic trainers and musical performance artists. Paper Presented at Performing Arts Medicine Association Meeting, New York, New York.

David, S. L. & Larson, M. (2016, June). Athlete’s perception of Athletic Trainer Empathy: How important is it? Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland.

Stone, K. A., Streeter, D. M., Kotarsky, C. J., Mitchell, S. L., David, S. L., & Hackney, K. J. (2016, April). Intra-Reliability of ImageJ processing of MRI-derived cross-sectional area: Upper Leg. Paper presented at Northland American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Streeter, D. M., Stone, K. A., Kotarsky, C. J., Mitchell, S. L., David, S. L., & Hackney, K. J. (2016, April). Intra-Reliability of ImageJ processing of MRI-derived cross-sectional area: Lower Leg. Paper presented at Northland American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting, St. Paul, Minnesota.

David, S. L. & Larson, M. (2016, March). Athlete’s perception of Athletic Trainer Empathy: How important is it? Paper presented at Mid America Athletic Trainers Association Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri.

Brown, C., D., Potteiger, K., Keeley, K., Lundgren, A., & David, S. L. (2016, March). A comparison between undergraduate athletic training program entrance requirements and board of certification first-time pass rates. Paper presented at Southeast Athletic Trainers’ Association Annual Conference in Atlanta, GA.

Hillard, E., David, S.L., & Hill. B. (2015, July). Comparison of exam completion order to grade in college students enrolled in a nutrition science class. Paper presented at Society for Nutrition, Education and Behavior’s 48th Annual Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Wambheim, S. & David, S. L. (2015, June). The Rare Presence of an Accessory Soleus Muscle Strain in a Male Division I Collegiate Track Sprinter. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 66th Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of Athletic Training Supplement, 50(S-6): 286S.

David, S. L. & Beadley, M., & (2015, May). Comparing Classical Psychometrics and Rasch Modeling Results Using the ICIQ-B. Paper presented at AERA in Chicago, Illinois.

Brown, C. & David, S. L. (2015, February). Athletic Training Students' Perceptions of Electronic Textbooks and Computer use in the Classroom. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association Educator’s Conference, Dallas, Texas.

Fashl, H. & David, S. L. (2014, June). The Forgotten Disease: A Rare Case of Lemierre’s Syndrome in a Division I Collegiate Football Player. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 65th Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. Journal of Athletic Training Supplement, 49,(S-3):52S.

David, S. L., Brooks, G., Starkey, C. Ragan, B., & Hitchcock, J. (2014, June). Development of Patient-AT Trust Instrument. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 65th Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. Journal of Athletic Training Supplement, 49,(S-3):239S-240S

David, S. L., Brooks, G., Starkey, C. Ragan, B., & Hitchcock, J. (2014, April). Developing a Measure of Trust Using a Mixed-Methods Approach. Paper presented at American Education Research Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Warner, K. D., David, S., L., & Ragan, B. (2013, June). Inter-Rater Reliability of the Movement and Activity in Physical Space (MAPS) System: Geospatial Functional Outcome Measures. Paper Presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 64th Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Wells, K, A., Farnsworth J., L., McElhiney, D., S., David, S., L., & Ragan, B. (2013, June) Validation of Accelerometry as a Physical Rest Monitor During Concussion Recovery. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 64th Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada.

David, S. L., Price, E. A., & Ragan, B. G. (2013, June). Development of a patient-AT trust instrument using a focus group. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 64th Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Farnsworth, J., McElhiney, D., David, S., L., Kang, M., & Ragan, B. G. (2013, June). Objective Assessment of Function following Head Injury using Movement Activity in Physical Space (MAPS) Scores. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 64th Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada.

David, S. L., Louk, J., Kang, M. & Ragan B. G. (2013, May). Development of a Patient-AT Trust Instrument using Rasch Modeling. Paper presented at American College of Sport Medicine Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(5):S.

David, S. L. & Ragan, B. G. (2012, June). Variability in context of time in athletic training-related patient reported outcomes (PROs). Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 63rd Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of Athletic Training Supplement, 47,(S-39):210S-213S.

Farnsworth, J., Nickels, S., Mc Elhiney, D., Bartholomew, M., David, S. L., & Ragan, B. G. (2012, June). Objective assessment of function following head injury using movement and activity in physical space (MAPS) scores: A case report. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 63rd Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of Athletic Training Supplement, 47,(S-156):210S-213S.

Gabler, C., David S. L., Howe C. A., White J., & Ragan, B. G. (2012, June). The effectiveness of neuromuscular training on modifiable anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factors. Paper presented at National Athletic Trainers Association 63rd Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of Athletic Training Supplement, 47, (S-192):210S-213S.

Presentations with no published Abstracts

David, SL. (2024). Starting the Difficult Conversation. Presented at North Dakota State University Annual Teaching and Learning Academic Conference for Faculty and Staff. Fargo, ND.

Drescher, M., Woodridge J., & David, SL. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Application. Presented at North Dakota State University Annual Teaching and Learning Academic Conference for Faculty and Staff. Fargo, ND.

Wentz, S. David SL. (2024). Exploring generational differences in professionalism, emotional intelligence, and burnout within athletic training. Presented at Northland ACSM. Duluth, MN.

Pransnicki, T, David, SL. (2024). Comfortability of Athletic Trainers Treating and Managing Asthma and Diabetes. Presented at Northland ACSM. Duluth, MN.

David SL & Saarinen H. (2024). Grand Rounds - The Art of Negotiation: Data and Tips. Presented at NDSU, Fargo ND.

David SL. (2023). Working Genius and the Athletic Trainer. Presented at North Dakota Athletic Trainers Association Symposium. Bismarck, ND.

David SL. (2023). Navigating Difficult Conversations. Presented at Mid-America Athletic Trainers Association Annual Symposium. La Vista, NE.

Konin JG, David SL, Farris J. (September, 2021). The Presence of Cannabis-related Content in Florida Physical Therapy and Physical Therapist Assistant Curriculums. Presented virtually at Florida Physical Therapy Association Annual Meeting.

David, S. L. & Hitchcock, J. (2016, November). Validating A Trust Instrument in a New Context: Implications for Mixed Methods Survey Development. Paper presented at Mid-Western Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Evanston, Illinois.

David, S. L. & McElhiney, D. (2014 November). Polytomous IRT Modeling: How to Poly. Paper presented at MWERA in Evanston, Illinois.

David, S. L., Beadly, M., & McElhiney D. (2014, November). Comparing Classical Psychometrics and Rasch Modeling Results Using the ICIQ-B. Paper presented at MWERA in Evanston, Illinois.

David, S. L., Beadly, M., & McElhiney D. (2014, November). Comparing Classical Psychometrics and Rasch Modeling Results Using the ICIQ-B.

David, S. L. & McElhiney D. (2013, November). The Demonstration of Item Response Theory with Polytomous Items Paper presented at Mid-Western Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Evanston, Illinois.

David, S. L., Silva, K., Friebel, C. & Ragan, B. (2013, June). Using Physical Activity as an Assessment of Function in Post-Surgical ACL Repair Patients. Paper presented at Ohio Athletic Trainers Association, Columbus, Ohio.

David, S. L. & Price, E. A. (2012, November). The use of mixed methods principles incorporating item response theory: An alternative item development perspective. Paper presented at Mid-Western Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Evanston, Illinois.

David, S. L., Starkey, C., & Ragan, B. G. (2010, May). Examination of the validity of the navicular drop test. Paper presented at Ohio Athletic Trainers’ Association, Dayton, Ohio.

*Italics denotes student

Invited Presentations

David SL. (2021). Video Series: Tips & Tricks for submitting a free communication abstract: Survey Research. Invited Presentation: NATA Research & Education Foundation Free Communication Committee

David, S., L., (April, 2018). The Patient-Clinician Relationship: What do we know? Presented at North Dakota Athletic Trainers symposium and Business Meeting, Grand Forks, North Dakota.